Nobel Prize Medicine

areppim column chart and statistics of Nobel prize winners in medicine or physiology from 1901 to 2012, indicating the names, nationality and affiliation where applicable. United States won 92 awards. United Kingdom 30. Germany 16. France 11. Sweden 8. Australia and Switzerland 7 each. Austria and Denmark 5 each. Belgium 4. Canada 4. Italy 3. Argentina, Japan, the Netherlands and Russia 2 each. Hungary, Japan, New Zealand, Portugal, South Africa and Spain 1 each.

Scientific breakthroughs in medicine are a monopoly of the western world. Europe collected 46% of Nobel prizes for physiology or medicine, and North America 47%. The 7% balance went to other nations whose laureates were mostly affiliated with US or European institutions. It is only logical that most of the big pharmaceutical industry is located in North America and Europe. Nevertheless, the emergence of China and India, both already in possession of a powerful, competitive mass-production pharmaceutical industry, is threatening this supremacy.

[In the chart double nationals are counted twice, once for each nationality]

Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine 1901 - 2012
Year	Name		Gender	Citizenship	Second Citizenship	Born	Affiliation at the time of the award
2012	Sir John B.	Gurdon	Male	United Kingdom		1933	Gurdon Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
2012	Shinya	Yamanaka	Male	Japan		1962	University Kyoto, Japan, and Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, C, USA
2011	Bruce A.	Beutler	Male	United States		1957	The Scripps Research Institute and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas
2011	Jules A.	Hoffmann	Male	France		1941	CNRS (Centre national de la recherche scientifique)
2011	Ralph M.	Steinman	Male	Canada		1943	Rockefeller University
2010	Robert G.	Edwards	Male	United Kingdom		1925	University of Cambridge
2009	Elizabeth H.	Blackburn	Female	Australia		1948	University of California
2009	Carol W.	Greider	Female	United States		1961	Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
2009	Jack W.	Szostak	Male	Canada		1952	Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts General Hospital
2008	Françoise	Barré-Sinoussi	Female	France		1947	Regulation of Retroviral Infections Unit, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur
2008	Luc	Montagnier	Male	France		1932	World Foundation for AIDS Research and Prevention
2008	Harald	zur Hausen	Male	Germany		1936	German Cancer Research Centre
2007	Mario R.	Capecchi	Male	United States		1937	University of Utah
2007	Sir Martin J.	Evans	Male	United Kingdom		1941	Cardiff University
2007	Oliver	Smithies	Male	United States		1925	University of North Carolina
2006	Andrew Z.	Fire	Male	United States		1959	Stanford University School of Medicine
2006	Craig C.	Mello	Male	United States		1960	University of Massachusetts Medical School
2005	Barry J.	Marshall	Male	Australia		1951	University of Western Australia
2005	J. Robin	Warren	Male	Australia		1937
2004	Richard	Axel	Male	United States		1946	Columbia University
2004	Linda B.	Buck	Female	United States		1947	Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
2003	Paul C.	Lauterbur	Male	United States		1929	University of Illinois
2003	Sir Peter	Mansfield	Male	United Kingdom		1933	University of Nottingham, School of Physics and Astronomy
2002	Sydney	Brenner	Male	United Kingdom		1927	The Molecular Sciences Institute
2002	H. Robert	Horvitz	Male	United States		1947	Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
2002	John E.	Sulston	Male	United Kingdom		1942	The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
2001	Leland H.	Hartwell	Male	United States		1939	Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
2001	Tim	Hunt	Male	United Kingdom		1943	Imperial Cancer Research Fund
2001	Sir Paul	Nurse	Male	United Kingdom		1949	Imperial Cancer Research Fund
2000	Arvid	Carlsson	Male	Sweden		1923	Göteborg University
2000	Paul	Greengard	Male	United States		1925	Rockefeller University
2000	Eric R.	Kandel	Male	United States		1929	Columbia University
1999	Günter	Blobel	Male	United States		1936	Rockefeller University
1998	Robert F.	Furchgott	Male	United States		1916	SUNY Health Science Center
1998	Louis J.	Ignarro	Male	United States		1941	University of California School of Medicine
1998	Ferid	Murad	Male	United States		1936	University of Texas Medical School at Houston
1997	Stanley B.	Prusiner	Male	United States		1942	University of California School of Medicine
1996	Peter C.	Doherty	Male	Australia		1940	St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
1996	Rolf M.	Zinkernagel	Male	Switzerland		1944	University of Zurich, Institute of Experimental Immunology
1995	Edward B.	Lewis	Male	United States		1918	California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
1995	Christiane	Nüsslein-Volhard	Female	Germany		1942	Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie
1995	Eric F.	Wieschaus	Male	United States		1947	Princeton University
1994	Alfred G.	Gilman	Male	United States		1941	University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas
1994	Martin	Rodbell	Male	United States		1925	National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
1993	Richard J.	Roberts	Male	United Kingdom		1943	New England Biolabs
1993	Phillip A.	Sharp	Male	United States		1944	Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Center for Cancer Research
1992	Edmond H.	Fischer	Male	Switzerland	United States	1920	University of Washington
1992	Edwin G.	Krebs	Male	United States		1918	University of Washington
1991	Erwin	Neher	Male	Germany		1944	Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie
1991	Bert	Sakmann	Male	Germany		1942	Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung
1990	Joseph E.	Murray	Male	United States		1919	Brigham and Women's Hospital
1990	E. Donnall	Thomas	Male	United States		1920	Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
1989	J. Michael	Bishop	Male	United States		1936	University of California School of Medicine
1989	Harold E.	Varmus	Male	United States		1939	University of California School of Medicine
1988	Sir James W.	Black	Male	United Kingdom		1924	London University, King's College Hospital Medical School
1988	Gertrude B.	Elion	Female	United States		1918	Wellcome Research Laboratories
1988	George H.	Hitchings	Male	United States		1905	Wellcome Research Laboratories
1987	Susumu	Tonegawa	Male	Japan		1939	Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
1986	Stanley	Cohen	Male	United States		1922	Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
1986	Rita	Levi-Montalcini	Female	Italy	United States	1909	Institute of Cell Biology of the C.N.R
1985	Michael S.	Brown	Male	United States		1941	University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas
1985	Joseph L.	Goldstein	Male	United States		1940	University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas
1984	Niels K.	Jerne	Male	Denmark		1911	Basel Institute for Immunology
1984	Georges J.F.	Köhler	Male	Germany		1946	Basel Institute for Immunology
1984	César	Milstein	Male	Argentina	United Kingdom	1927	MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
1983	Barbara	McClintock	Female	United States		1902	Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
1982	Sune K.	Bergström	Male	Sweden		1916	Karolinska Institutet
1982	Bengt I.	Samuelsson	Male	Sweden		1934	Karolinska Institutet
1982	John R.	Vane	Male	United Kingdom		1927	The Wellcome Research Laboratories
1981	David H.	Hubel	Male	United States		1926	Harvard Medical School
1981	Roger W.	Sperry	Male	United States		1913	California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
1981	Torsten N.	Wiesel	Male	Sweden		1924	Harvard Medical School
1980	Baruj	Benacerraf	Male	United States		1920	Harvard Medical School
1980	Jean	Dausset	Male	France		1916	Université de Paris, Laboratoire Immuno-Hématologie
1980	George D.	Snell	Male	United States		1903	Jackson Laboratory
1979	Allan M.	Cormack	Male	United States		1924	Tufts University
1979	Godfrey N.	Hounsfield	Male	United Kingdom		1919	Central Research Laboratories, EMI
1978	Werner	Arber	Male	Switzerland		1929	Biozentrum der Universität
1978	Daniel	Nathans	Male	United States		1928	Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
1978	Hamilton O.	Smith	Male	United States		1931	Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
1977	Roger	Guillemin	Male	United States		1924	The Salk Institute
1977	Andrew V.	Schally	Male	United States		1926	Veterans Administration Hospital
1977	Rosalyn	Yalow	Female	United States		1921	Veterans Administration Hospital
1976	Baruch S.	Blumberg	Male	United States		1925	The Institute for Cancer Research
1976	D. Carleton	Gajdusek	Male	United States		1923	National Institutes of Health
1975	David	Baltimore	Male	United States		1938	Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
1975	Renato	Dulbecco	Male	United States		1914	Imperial Cancer Research Fund Laboratory
1975	Howard M.	Temin	Male	United States		1934	University of Wisconsin
1974	Albert	Claude	Male	Belgium		1899	Université Catholique de Louvain
1974	Christian	de Duve	Male	Belgium		1917	Rockefeller University
1974	George E.	Palade	Male	United States		1912	Yale University, School of Medicine
1973	Konrad	Lorenz	Male	Austria		1903	österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Institut für vergleichende Verhaltensforschung
1973	Nikolaas	Tinbergen	Male	United Kingdom		1907	University of Oxford
1973	Karl	von Frisch	Male	Germany		1886	Zoologisches Institut der Universität München
1972	Gerald M.	Edelman	Male	United States		1929	Rockefeller University
1972	Rodney R.	Porter	Male	United Kingdom		1917	University of Oxford
1971	Earl W.	Sutherland, Jr.	Male	United States		1915	Vanderbilt University
1970	Julius	Axelrod	Male	United States		1912	National Institutes of Health
1970	Sir Bernard	Katz	Male	United Kingdom		1911	University College
1970	Ulf	von Euler	Male	Sweden		1905	Karolinska Institutet
1969	Max	Delbrück	Male	United States		1906	California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
1969	Alfred D.	Hershey	Male	United States		1908	Carnegie Institution of Washington
1969	Salvador E.	Luria	Male	United States		1912	Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
1968	Robert W.	Holley	Male	United States		1922	Cornell University
1968	H. Gobind	Khorana	Male	United States		1922	University of Wisconsin
1968	Marshall W.	Nirenberg	Male	United States		1927	National Institutes of Health
1967	Ragnar	Granit	Male	Sweden		1900	Karolinska Institutet
1967	Haldan K.	Hartline	Male	United States		1903	Rockefeller University
1967	George	Wald	Male	United States		1906	Harvard University
1966	Charles B.	Huggins	Male	United States		1901	University of Chicago, Ben May Laboratory for Cancer Research
1966	Peyton	Rous	Male	United States		1879	Rockefeller University
1965	François	Jacob	Male	France		1920	Institut Pasteur
1965	André	Lwoff	Male	France		1902	Institut Pasteur
1965	Jacques	Monod	Male	France		1910	Institut Pasteur
1964	Konrad	Bloch	Male	United States		1912	Harvard University
1964	Feodor	Lynen	Male	Germany		1911	Max-Planck-Institut für Zellchemie
1963	Sir John	Eccles	Male	Australia		1903	Australian National University
1963	Alan L.	Hodgkin	Male	United Kingdom		1914	University of Cambridge
1963	Andrew F.	Huxley	Male	United Kingdom		1917	London University
1962	Francis	Crick	Male	United Kingdom		1916	MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
1962	James	Watson	Male	United States		1928	Harvard University
1962	Maurice	Wilkins	Male	United Kingdom	New Zealand	1916	London University
1961	Georg	von Békésy	Male	United States		1899	Harvard University
1960	Sir Frank Macfarlane	Burnet	Male	Australia		1899	Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research
1960	Peter	Medawar	Male	United Kingdom		1915	University College
1959	Arthur	Kornberg	Male	United States		1918	Stanford University
1959	Severo	Ochoa	Male	United States		1905	New York University, College of Medicine
1958	George	Beadle	Male	United States		1903	California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
1958	Joshua	Lederberg	Male	United States		1925	University of Wisconsin
1958	Edward	Tatum	Male	United States		1909	Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research
1957	Daniel	Bovet	Male	Italy		1907	Istituto Superiore di Sanità (Chief Institute of Public Health)
1956	André F.	Cournand	Male	United States		1895	Columbia University Division, Cardio-Pulmonary Laboratory, Bellevue Hospital
1956	Werner	Forssmann	Male	Germany		1904	Mainz University
1956	Dickinson W.	Richards	Male	United States		1895	Columbia University
1955	Hugo	Theorell	Male	Sweden		1903	Nobel Medical Institute
1954	John F.	Enders	Male	United States		1897	Harvard Medical School
1954	Frederick C.	Robbins	Male	United States		1916	Western Reserve University
1954	Thomas H.	Weller	Male	United States		1915	Research Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Medical Center
1953	Hans	Krebs	Male	United Kingdom		1900	Sheffield University
1953	Fritz	Lipmann	Male	United States		1899	Massachusetts General Hospital
1952	Selman A.	Waksman	Male	United States		1888	Rutgers University
1951	Max	Theiler	Male	South Africa		1899	Laboratories of the Division of Physiology or Medicine and Public Health, Rockefeller Foundation
1950	Philip S.	Hench	Male	United States		1896	Mayo Clinic
1950	Edward C.	Kendall	Male	United States		1886	Mayo Clinic
1950	Tadeus	Reichstein	Male	Switzerland		1897	Basel University
1949	Walter	Hess	Male	Switzerland		1881	University of Zurich
1949	Egas	Moniz	Male	Portugal		1874	University of Lisbon
1948	Paul	Müller	Male	Switzerland		1899	Laboratorium der Farben-Fabriken J.R. Geigy A.G. (Laboratory of the J.R. Geigy Dye-Factory Co.)
1947	Gerty	Cori	Female	United States		1896	Washington University
1947	Carl	Cori	Male	United States		1896	Washington University
1947	Bernardo	Houssay	Male	Argentina		1887	Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental (Institute for Biology and Experimental Medicine)
1946	Hermann J.	Muller	Male	United States		1890	Indiana University
1945	Ernst B.	Chain	Male	United Kingdom		1906	University of Oxford
1945	Sir Alexander	Fleming	Male	United Kingdom		1881	London University
1945	Sir Howard	Florey	Male	Australia		1898	University of Oxford
1944	Joseph	Erlanger	Male	United States		1874	Washington University
1944	Herbert S.	Gasser	Male	United States		1888	Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research
1943	Henrik	Dam	Male	Denmark		1895	Polytechnic Institute
1943	Edward A.	Doisy	Male	United States		1893	Saint Louis University
1939	Gerhard	Domagk	Male	Germany		1895	Munster University
1938	Corneille	Heymans	Male	Belgium		1892	Ghent University
1937	Albert	Szent-Györgyi	Male	Hungary		1893	Szeged University
1936	Sir Henry	Dale	Male	United Kingdom		1875	National Institute for Medical Research
1936	Otto	Loewi	Male	Austria		1873	Graz University
1935	Hans	Spemann	Male	Germany		1869	University of Freiburg im Breisgau
1934	George R.	Minot	Male	United States		1885	Harvard University
1934	William P.	Murphy	Male	United States		1892	Harvard University
1934	George H.	Whipple	Male	United States		1878	Rochester University
1933	Thomas H.	Morgan	Male	United States		1866	California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
1932	Edgar	Adrian	Male	United Kingdom		1889	University of Cambridge
1932	Sir Charles	Sherrington	Male	United Kingdom		1857	University of Oxford
1931	Otto	Warburg	Male	Germany		1883	Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut) für Biologie
1930	Karl	Landsteiner	Male	Austria		1868	Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research
1929	Christiaan	Eijkman	Male	Netherlands		1858	Utrecht University
1929	Sir Frederick	Hopkins	Male	United Kingdom		1861	University of Cambridge
1928	Charles	Nicolle	Male	France		1866
1927	Julius	Wagner-Jauregg	Male	Austria		1857	Vienna University
1926	Johannes	Fibiger	Male	Denmark		1867	Copenhagen University
1924	Willem	Einthoven	Male	Netherlands		1860	Leiden University
1923	Frederick G.	Banting	Male	Canada		1891	University of Toronto
1923	John	Macleod	Male	Canada		1876	University of Toronto
1922	Archibald V.	Hill	Male	United Kingdom		1886	London University
1922	Otto	Meyerhof	Male	Germany		1884	Kiel University
1920	August	Krogh	Male	Denmark		1874	Copenhagen University
1919	Jules	Bordet	Male	Belgium		1870	Brussels University
1914	Robert	Bárány	Male	Austria		1876	Vienna University
1913	Charles	Richet	Male	France		1850	Sorbonne University
1912	Alexis	Carrel	Male	France		1873	Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research
1911	Allvar	Gullstrand	Male	Sweden		1862	Uppsala University
1910	Albrecht	Kossel	Male	Germany		1853	University of Heidelberg
1909	Theodor	Kocher	Male	Switzerland		1841	Berne University
1908	Paul	Ehrlich	Male	Germany		1854	Königliches Institut für experimentelle Therapie
1908	Ilya	Mechnikov	Male	Russia		1845	Institut Pasteur
1907	Alphonse	Laveran	Male	France		1845	Institut Pasteur
1906	Camillo	Golgi	Male	Italy		1843	Pavia University
1906	Santiago	Ramón y Cajal	Male	Spain		1852	Madrid University
1905	Robert	Koch	Male	Germany		1843	Institute for Infectious Diseases
1904	Ivan	Pavlov	Male	Russia		1849	Military Medical Academy
1903	Niels Ryberg	Finsen	Male	Denmark		1860	Finsen Medical Light Institute
1902	Ronald	Ross	Male	United Kingdom		1857	University College
1901	Emil	von Behring	Male	Germany		1854	Marburg University

Sources: see Nobelprize

areppim: information, pure and simple

Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine1901 - 2012

Year

Name

Gender

Citizenship

Second Citizenship

Born

Affiliation at the time of the award

Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine
1901 - 2012